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liwen01 2024.06.09 ǰ�� Linuxϵͳ�е�ext2��ext3��ext4 �ļ�ϵͳ�����Ƕ��к�ǿ��������ǰ�����ԣ����������ݲ���ʧ������½����ļ�ϵͳ��������Ŀǰext4��һ����Խϳ��졢�ȶ��Ҹ�Ч���ļ�ϵͳ�������ھ��󲿷ֹ�ģ�������Linux������ ext4��ͻ�����ص��У���
liwen01 2024.06.09
Linuxϵͳ�е�ext2��ext3��ext4 �ļ�ϵͳ�����Ƕ��к�ǿ��������ǰ�����ԣ����������ݲ���ʧ������½����ļ�ϵͳ��������Ŀǰext4��һ����Խϳ��졢�ȶ��Ҹ�Ч���ļ�ϵͳ�������ھ��󲿷ֹ�ģ�������Linux������
ext4��ͻ�����ص��У� ���ݷֶι����������䡢�ӳٷ��䡢�־�Ԥ���䡢��־У�顢֧�ָ�����ļ�ϵͳ���ļ���С��
ext4�ļ�ϵͳ�ľ���ʵ�ֱȽϸ��ӣ����ij����ñȽϼòµ¥µÄ·ï¿½Ê½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»Æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Âµï¿½Æªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ¥µØ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô����
Ϊ�˷���ext4 �ļ�ϵͳ���ڲ��ṹ��Ô��������������Linux�д���һ��ext4�ļ�ϵͳ����Ȼ��ͨ��loop�����豸��ext4�����ļ����ص�ij��Ŀ¼�ϡ�����ʵ�ֲ������£�
dd if=/dev/zero of=./ext4_image.img bs=1M count=1024
mkfs.ext4 ext4_image.img
sudo mount -o loop ext4_image.img /home/biao/test/ext4/ext4_simulator
dumpe2fs ext4_image.img
���������Ϣ(�м�ʡ���˲�������):
dumpe2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
Filesystem volume name:
Last mounted on: /home/biao/test/ext4/ext4_simulator
Filesystem UUID: 0169498e-f5f7-4fb8-9e9e-532088e41333
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65536
Block count: 262144
Reserved block count: 13107
Free blocks: 247703
Free inodes: 65517
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 127
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri May 24 17:18:57 2024
Last mount time: Wed Jun 5 19:15:36 2024
Last write time: Wed Jun 5 19:15:36 2024
Mount count: 3
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri May 24 17:18:57 2024
Check interval: 0 ()
Lifetime writes: 6997 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 0faf0e8c-f385-4ecd-b3a4-db2a3329e121
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0x32dc1b70
Journal features: journal_64bit journal_checksum_v3
Journal size: 32M
Journal length: 8192
Journal sequence: 0x00000017
Journal start: 1
Journal checksum type: crc32c
Journal checksum: 0xa3c1b983
Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767) csum 0xf19b [ITABLE_ZEROED]
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-128
Block bitmap at 129 (+129), csum 0x8efc34cf
Inode bitmap at 137 (+137), csum 0x49f91ed6
Inode table at 145-656 (+145)
28517 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 3 directories, 8176 unused inodes
Free blocks: 4251-32767
Free inodes: 17-8192
..........
..........
..........
Group 7: (Blocks 229376-262143) csum 0x7daa [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Backup superblock at 229376, Group descriptors at 229377-229377
Reserved GDT blocks at 229378-229504
Block bitmap at 136 (bg #0 + 136), csum 0x5bd8cca0
Inode bitmap at 144 (bg #0 + 144), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 3729-4240 (bg #0 + 3729)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 229505-262143
Free inodes: 57345-65536
������dumpe2fs�����������ǿ��Կ�����һ��1GB��С�Ŀռ䣬ext4 �ļ�ϵͳ�����ָ�����0~7��8��Group��
ext4 ��������̲������£�
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Ϊʲô��Ҫ������ƣ���������������ٽ���
�����桶1.1 ext4�ļ�ϵͳ��Ϣ�����п���֪��Primary superblock�ڵ�0��block��ÿ��block�Ĵ�СΪ4096Byte��
��hexdump ����鿴�����������
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$ hexdump -s 0 -n 4096 -C ext4_image.img
00000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00000400 00 00 01 00 00 00 04 00 33 33 00 00 97 c7 03 00 |........33......|
00000410 ed ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 |................|
00000420 00 80 00 00 00 80 00 00 00 20 00 00 9c c1 5d 66 |......... ....]f|
00000430 00 d0 5f 66 02 00 ff ff 53 ef 01 00 01 00 00 00 |.._f....S.......|
00000440 81 5b 50 66 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 |.[Pf............|
00000450 00 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 3c 00 00 00 |............<...|
00000460 c2 02 00 00 6b 04 00 00 01 69 49 8e f5 f7 4f b8 |....k....iI...O.|
00000470 9e 9e 53 20 88 e4 13 33 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..S ...3........|
00000480 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2f 68 6f 6d 65 2f 62 69 |......../home/bi|
00000490 61 6f 2f 74 65 73 74 2f 65 78 74 34 2f 65 78 74 |ao/test/ext4/ext|
000004a0 34 5f 73 69 6d 75 6c 61 74 6f 72 00 00 00 00 00 |4_simulator.....|
000004b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000004c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7f 00 |................|
000004d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000004e0 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0f af 0e 8c |................|
000004f0 f3 85 4e cd b3 a4 db 2a 33 29 e1 21 01 01 40 00 |..N....*3).!..@.|
00000500 0c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 81 5b 50 66 0a f3 01 00 |.........[Pf....|
........
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$
�Գ�����IJ������ݽ��н�����
���ϱ����Կ���superblock����Ҫ�����У�
�ļ�ϵͳ��Ϣ�����С�Ϳ�����Ϣ��Inode �����Ϣ���ļ�ϵͳ��С��ʹ���������־�����Ϣ��������Ϣ��У��ͺͱ�����Ϣ
��
��ʵʹ��dumpe2fs����鿴��ext4�ļ�ϵͳ��Ϣ���Ǵ�superblock�ϵ����ݽ���������
����Primary superblock�����ڲ�ͬ��group�����superblock����������Primary superblockÔʼ������ͬ��Primary superblock�𻵵�ʱ����Դӱ������ָ�������
�� ext4 �ļ�ϵͳ�У�Group Descriptor(����������)��һ���ؼ��Ľṹ�����������͹����ļ�ϵͳ�Ŀ���(Block Group)��ÿ����������ļ�ϵͳ�е�һ�������ݿ�� inode���������Լ���Ԫ������������Щ��Դ��Group Descriptor �ڳ�����֮�����������ļ�ϵͳ����֯�͹����ĺ��IJ���
�����桶1.1 ext4�ļ�ϵͳ��Ϣ�����п���֪��group0 �� Group descriptors �ڵ�1�����ݿ��У����СΪ1��block
group 0 �� Group descriptors ���������£�
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$ hexdump -s 4096 -n 4096 -C ext4_image.img
00001000 81 00 00 00 89 00 00 00 91 00 00 00 65 6f f0 1f |............eo..|
00001010 03 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 cf 34 d6 1e f0 1f 9b f1 |.........4......|
00001020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00001030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fc 8e f9 49 00 00 00 00 |...........I....|
00001040 82 00 00 00 8a 00 00 00 91 02 00 00 b5 79 fd 1f |.............y..|
00001050 03 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 c2 fd 0a 43 fd 1f c2 4a |...........C...J|
00001060 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00001070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 8e a7 8c 58 00 00 00 00 |...........X....|
.........
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$
��Group descriptors �����ݽ��н��������Կ�����ϸ��ǰgroup����ϸ��Ϣ��
һ��Group descriptors ռ��һ��block,����������¼�Լ�Group�ϵ���Ϣ��������������group��Group descriptors
Block bitmap ��λͼ���ڹ�������(Block Group)�е����ݿ�,Block Bitmap ��¼�˿�����ÿ�����ʹ��״̬����ʶ��Щ������ʹ�õģ���Щ���ǿ��е�,���������ǰ�λ��ǣ�Ϊ1��ʾ�ÿ��Ѿ���ʹ�á�
�鿴Block bitmap�е�����
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$ hexdump -s 528384 -n 4096 -C ext4_image.img
00081000 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |................|
*
00081210 ff ff ff 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00081220 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00082000
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$
��Block bitmap����Ô�����ƣ�Inode bitmap �����ڹ�������(Block Group)�е�inode��Inode Bitmap��¼�˿�����ÿ��inode��ʹ��״̬����ʶ��Щinode����ʹ�õģ���Щinode�ǿ��еġ�
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$ hexdump -s 561152 -n 4096 -C ext4_image.img
00089000 ff ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00089010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00089400 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |................|
*
0008a000
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$
�����ڵ������ԱȽϸ��ӵ�һ��Ԫ�ļ��������桶1.1 ext4�ļ�ϵͳ��Ϣ�������ǿ���֪����
Inode size: 256
Inode table at 145-656 (+145)
�鿴�����ڵ���Ϣ��
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$ hexdump -s 593920 -n 4096 -C ext4_image.img
00091000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 81 5b 50 66 81 5b 50 66 |.........[Pf.[Pf|
00091010 81 5b 50 66 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.[Pf............|
00091020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00091070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6f 16 00 00 |............o...|
00091080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00091100 ed 41 00 00 00 10 00 00 78 15 61 66 e5 5d 50 66 |.A......x.af.]Pf|
00091110 e5 5d 50 66 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00 08 00 00 00 |.]Pf............|
00091120 00 00 08 00 04 00 00 00 0a f3 01 00 04 00 00 00 |................|
00091130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 91 10 00 00 |................|
00091140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00091170 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fa d3 00 00 |................|
00091180 20 00 98 7a 60 ea ef 8e 60 ea ef 8e 78 f5 3f a0 | ..z`...`...x.?.|
00091190 81 5b 50 66 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.[Pf............|
000911a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00091270 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 8d 16 00 00 |................|
00091280 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
�Ե�2�������ڵ�IJ������н�����
��ext4�ļ�ϵͳ�У�0~11�����������ⶨ��������ڵ㣺
�� ext4 �ļ�ϵͳ�У�inode ��һ�����ݽṹ�������ļ�ϵͳ�е�ÿ���ļ���Ŀ¼��ÿ�� inode �������й��ļ���Ԫ���ݣ������ļ���С��Ȩ�ޡ���������Ϣ�ȡ�inode.i_block �� inode �ṹ������ָ���ļ����ݿ���ֶΣ����ļ�ϵͳ����ҵ��������ļ����ݵĺ��IJ���.
inode.i_block �� ext4 �ļ�ϵͳ��ȷ���ļ����ݸ�Ч�洢�ͷ��ʵĹؼ����,i_block����������ͣ���Ҫ����i_flags�еIJ�����ȷ�ϣ����桶ͼ7.1 Inode table����������i_flags ��ֵ��0x080000��ͬʹ�õ��� Inode uses extents (EXT4_EXTENTS_FL)
iblock�ij�����60�ֽڣ���������ͨ��iblock��IJ����ҵ���inode��Ӧ�ļ����ڵ�block��
�ļ�ϵͳ���ļ���Ϣ���£�
root@ubuntu:/home/biao/test/ext4/ext4_simulator# tree
.
������ lost+found
������ test1
��?? ������ 0000.media
������ test2
��?? ������ 0011.media
������ test3
��?? ������ 0022.media
������ test4
������ 0033.media
5 directories, 4 files
root@ubuntu:/home/biao/test/ext4/ext4_simulator#
�������Ҫ�ҵ�0033.media�ļ�����block,������ͨ��stat �鿴0033.media ��inode�ڵ�
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4/ext4_simulator/test4$ stat 0033.media
File: 0033.media
Size: 1662591 Blocks: 3248 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: 719h/1817d Inode: 16 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 1000/ biao) Gid: ( 1000/ biao)
Access: 2024-06-05 10:39:09.000000000 +0800
Modify: 2024-05-14 01:01:26.000000000 +0800
Change: 2024-06-05 10:39:09.423416410 +0800
Birth: -
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4/ext4_simulator/test4$
��λ���������ڵ�λ�ã�
145 * 4096 +��16-1��*256 = 593,920 + 3,840 = 597,760 = 0x91F00
�����ڵ�����
*
00091f00 a4 81 e8 03 7f 5e 19 00 cd cf 5f 66 cd cf 5f 66 |.....^...._f.._f|
00091f10 66 47 42 66 00 00 00 00 e8 03 01 00 b0 0c 00 00 |fGBf............|
00091f20 00 00 08 00 01 00 00 00 0a f3 01 00 04 00 00 00 |................|
00091f30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 96 01 00 00 b5 84 00 00 |................|
00091f40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
i_block ��ƫ������0x28,��i_block�����ݽ��н�����
���߼���0��ʼ��0x196��blockӳ�䵽����0x84b5��ʼ��0x196����������
0x84b5 = 33973
33973 * 4096 = 139,153,408 = 0x84B 5000
�鿴�ļ�ϵͳ��0x84b5 block���ݣ���0033.media�ļ�����������ͬ��
�� 0x84b5 block
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$ hexdump -s 139153408 -n 4096 -C ext4_image.img
084b5000 01 00 00 00 25 25 01 00 7a 34 9e 74 8f 01 00 00 |....%%..z4.t....|
084b5010 8c d1 0f f2 ff ff ff ff 00 00 00 01 40 01 0c 01 |............@...|
084b5020 ff ff 01 40 00 00 03 00 90 00 00 03 00 00 03 00 |...@............|
084b5030 96 bc 09 00 00 00 01 42 01 01 01 40 00 00 03 00 |.......B...@....|
084b5040 90 00 00 03 00 00 03 00 96 a0 01 20 20 05 11 67 |........... ..g|
084b5050 be e4 4a 17 25 05 05 05 e1 00 00 03 00 01 00 00 |..J.%...........|
084b5060 03 00 14 2f 84 02 08 00 00 00 01 44 01 c0 73 c0 |.../.......D..s.|
084b5070 c6 d9 00 00 00 01 26 01 ac 39 80 1f cd 51 b5 b2 |......&..9...Q..|
084b5080 70 02 84 80 26 99 cd b5 f6 00 cf a3 06 b7 71 6b |p...&.........qk|
0033.media
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4/ext4_simulator/test4$ hexdump -s 0 -n 4096 -C 0033.media
00000000 01 00 00 00 25 25 01 00 7a 34 9e 74 8f 01 00 00 |....%%..z4.t....|
00000010 8c d1 0f f2 ff ff ff ff 00 00 00 01 40 01 0c 01 |............@...|
00000020 ff ff 01 40 00 00 03 00 90 00 00 03 00 00 03 00 |...@............|
00000030 96 bc 09 00 00 00 01 42 01 01 01 40 00 00 03 00 |.......B...@....|
00000040 90 00 00 03 00 00 03 00 96 a0 01 20 20 05 11 67 |........... ..g|
00000050 be e4 4a 17 25 05 05 05 e1 00 00 03 00 01 00 00 |..J.%...........|
00000060 03 00 14 2f 84 02 08 00 00 00 01 44 01 c0 73 c0 |.../.......D..s.|
00000070 c6 d9 00 00 00 01 26 01 ac 39 80 1f cd 51 b5 b2 |......&..9...Q..|
00000080 70 02 84 80 26 99 cd b5 f6 00 cf a3 06 b7 71 6b |p...&.........qk|
ͨ�����桶ͼ7.2 ���������ڵ㡷����֪����Ŀ¼��inode��2���鿴��Ŀ¼�������ڵ�λ�ã�
��Ŀ¼ inode λ��
145 * 4096 +��2-1��*256 = 593,920 + 256 = 594,176 = 0x91100
��Ŀ¼ inode ����
*
00091100 ed 41 00 00 00 10 00 00 77 be 5f 66 e5 5d 50 66 |.A......w._f.]Pf|
00091110 e5 5d 50 66 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00 08 00 00 00 |.]Pf............|
00091120 00 00 08 00 04 00 00 00 0a f3 01 00 04 00 00 00 |................|
00091130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 91 10 00 00 |................|
00091140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
0x1091 = 4,241
4,241 * 4096 = 17,371,136 = 0x109 1000
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$ hexdump -s 17371136 -n 4096 -C ext4_image.img
01091000 02 00 00 00 0c 00 01 02 2e 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 |................|
01091010 0c 00 02 02 2e 2e 00 00 0b 00 00 00 14 00 0a 02 |................|
01091020 6c 6f 73 74 2b 66 6f 75 6e 64 00 00 0c 00 00 00 |lost+found......|
01091030 10 00 05 02 74 65 73 74 31 00 00 00 01 20 00 00 |....test1.... ..|
01091040 10 00 05 02 74 65 73 74 32 00 00 00 02 20 00 00 |....test2.... ..|
01091050 10 00 05 02 74 65 73 74 33 00 00 00 03 20 00 00 |....test3.... ..|
01091060 98 0f 05 02 74 65 73 74 34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |....test4.......|
01091070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
01091ff0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0c 00 00 de 67 85 5b 11 |............g.[.|
01092000
biao@ubuntu:~/test/ext4$
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ͬ���ķ��������Զ�λ������Ŀ¼�ϵ���Ϣ��
fsck
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fsck
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